Reckless Driving and Drug Addiction-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a 250 word news article (inverted pyramid) based on the information below. You must include a headline, standfirst, and, of course, a lead sentence. Incident: Two-car accident on LKSA Highway. Answer: Car Bumped into each other in Highway: Reckless Driving and Drug Addiction 17 Feb 2018, 2.45am: Two cars collided in a disastrous manner due to reckless driving at 2:45am on LKSA Highway, one was a Toyota Vios the other being a 2007 Honda City injuring Samirah Ali and Chee Wai Lynn the later a minor, who were later released after being treated with minor injuries. The incident of hasty driving brought to the forefront teenage drug addictions and its adverse impacts on the society at large. Police recovered drugs from Chees car and authorities suspect that the accident was mainly a consequence of drug overdose. The cars were allegedly moving towards the direction of Shah Alam city centre when they knocked against each other. According to sources, Samirah Ali, a 19 years old studying at Taylors University belonging from the town of Ipoh, Perak was later taken to Darul Ehsan Medical Centre to be treated for minor injuries. Both of the victims were later on escorted to the police station from where they were dispatched over to their respective parents. One of the traffic authorities, who wished to maintain anonymity, showed concern for the prevalent consumption of drugs especially by the children belonging from respectable family background. He added that Chee Wai Lynn is the daughter of the schools PIBG president who smashed in a menacing manner in front of the Toyota Vios. The traffic sergeant clearly had little or no faith in the conveyance of news through the light of media as he further added You dont use my name. You media ghouls are all alike Bibliography List: Emde, K., Klimmt, C., Schluetz, D. M. (2016). Does storytelling help adolescents to process the news? A comparison of narrative news and the inverted pyramid. Journalism Studies, 17(5), 608-627. Yaffe, P. (2017). How to improve your writing by standing on your head. Ubiquity, 2017(June), 1.

Middle Range Theory in Nursing Essay Example For Students

Middle Range Theory in Nursing Essay Needless to say, any profession may be defined as credible only in case it has the potential to develop a theoretical background to address the needs of society. Nevertheless, nursing is built mainly on the applicability of practical skills in health care rather than theoretical studies. Therefore, to make sure that the nurses occupy a dominant place in the health care industry and society rather than subordinate, it is crucial to understand the importance of the mentioned theories and increase the overall importance of research in the industry of health care. Outline1 What is  the middle range theory?2 Why do middle-range theories matter?3 Some types of middle range theory  in nursing3.1 Theories of uncertainty3.2 Theory of meaning3.3 Theory of self-transcendence3.4 Theory of cultural marginality4 Conclusion What is  the middle range theory? Middle range theory  presents  interconnected ideas related to the actual practice of nursing. This set includes a number of theoretical studies needed for the nurses to their professional development.   As far as the enhancement of these theories is concerned, they develop at the point where practice and pure middle range theories  overlap in health care. One should understand that particular theories are an inevitable part of the discipline’s structure to enhance its position in society. Approximately twenty years ago, the development of the particular theories became relatively common in nursing.   Besides, in comparison to other theoretical studies, they are more limited.   Therefore, middle range theory  in nursing addresses  the sufficient knowledge of this discipline and assist in expanding and clarifying particular phenomena in society related to the overall industry of health care. Why do middle-range theories matter? The autonomy of practitioners. First, the nurses would be much more autonomous when a number of practices are conceptualized with the help of particular theories. Hence, the role of the practitioners in society will also be enhanced. The extensive research in nursing. Middle-range theories in nursing have already become the basis needed for nursing practice and research. When the authority of Nursing as a discipline is enhanced in society, the gap between nursing practice and science due to particular theories will be finally narrowed. These days, there exists the concept of â€Å"praxis† in health care used to refer to the important combination of theory-research practice that exists in the patient-nurse encounter. The development of strong practice. It would be anticipated that with the development of innovative practices that take place in modern society and the system of health care, a number of nurses applying theory will grow. Therefore, theory-guided practice will contribute not only to the development of nursing but also will improve the quality of care provided by the nurses and the patient’s wellness. Some types of middle range theory  in nursing Theories of uncertainty We will write a custom essay on Middle Range Theory in Nursing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now These particular theories were created to address the possible uncertainty that may occur. The theory presumes that uncertainty is an inevitable part of any illness situation, which is always unpredictable and may be influenced by a number of events in society. Also, the theory explains how the patients subjectively interpret their illness and relate it to possible treatments and outcomes. Theory of meaning This type assists the nurses in discovering meaning for the patients facing a number of life challenges. Many professionals in the sphere of healthcare use this particular theory in society, first of all, to understand the nature of a number of life stresses, one’s behavior and way of thinking when life-changing events take place, and the concept of human suffering. The application of this theory has also evolved from the individual level to groups and to the well-being of a whole society. .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 , .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 .postImageUrl , .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 , .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565:hover , .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565:visited , .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565:active { border:0!important; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565:active , .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Salvador Dali: The Conqest Of The Irrational EssayTheory of self-transcendence The primary goal of this particular theory is to create an important framework needed for practice to promote well-being among the patients during a number of difficult life situations, especially when people face loss or life-limiting health issues. Therefore, these particular theories deepen one’s understanding of the patients’ psychology and help the nurses to deal with a number of issues. Theory of cultural marginality It goes without saying that with the increased level of globalization, a number of patients who are immigrants in a particular country continue to increase. At the same time, the chances that a culture conflict will occur also become stronger. Being caught between cultures, a patient faces a number of impacts on his or her health. The essence of the theory of cultural marginality is to give an important answer to the question how the practitioners may ease one’s experience in a new society to minimize the occurrence of culture conflict. The theory underlines not only the difficulties a person faces living between cultures, but also tries to find the link between the challenges in a new society and immigrant well-being. Therefore, it has direct relevance to real-world practice and research, especially when a culture conflict takes place. Conclusion Therefore, it is crucial for the nursing profession to continue the research on a number of middle-range theories and their place in society. Reconsidering the model developed during the concept building process, a number of middle range theories  create logical backgrounds for the practitioners interested in studying the psychology of the patients when they face different issues, including culture conflicts. Particular middle range theories guide day-to-day practice and scholarly research needed in nursing.   The coexistence of various types of theories in nursing show logical relationships between the studies and applies them directly to practice. Besides, the particular theories discussed above and many other theories that were not mentioned provide consistent information needed to develop a deepened realizing of research in nursing in society. Therefore, middle range theories  present new opportunities for expanding nursing through the coexistence of research and theory, ad dressing possible culture conflicts, and identifying many other problems of health care.

Microbiology Notes free essay sample

His masterpiece sculptor â€Å"David†, was made between 1501 and 1504 C. He was a French sculptor and poet D. Created the famous fresco on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome Branches of Microbiology Medical Microbiology Industrial Microbiology Environmental Microbiology Agricultural Microbiology Legumes +N2-fixing microorganisms Microorganisms have important role in cycling plant nutrients (N, P, C, S) Cattle production depends on rumen microorganisms Biotechnology Food production (Dairy products (ogurt, cheese) sauerkraut, pickles, sausage, bread, beer, wine etc. Bioremediation (detoxification by use of microorganisms Genetic Engineering (manipulation of genes in order to create new products) * Who started Microbiology? Antoine van Leeuwenhoek a Dutch merchant The first person to see microbes as being ALIVE! Father of bacteriology * * What Leeuwenhoek could see? Different shapes of bacteria Red blood cells, spermatozoa, plant and animal cells Magnification of his micro scope was 32X Robert Hooke’s Microscope Compared to Leeuwenhoek’s Robert Hook introduced the compound microscope (objective lens + ocular lens) Robert Hook (1665) reported that the smallest biological structural unites were â€Å"little boxes†-cells CELL THEORY- all living things are composed of cells Golden Age of Microbiology (1830-1900) Scientists searched for answers to the following questions: Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible? What causes fermentation? What causes disease? How can we prevent infection and disease? Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible? Aristotle proposed spontaneous generation-living things can arise from non-living matter Toads and snakes could be born of moist soles Maggots could arise from corpses Francesco Redi’s Experiment, 1670s Flies with meat 1765 Lazzaro Sallanzani conducted experients to disprove the doctrine of spontaneous generation biolied infusion, hermetically sealed the container. We will write a custom essay sample on Microbiology Notes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nly a small crack in the neck was sufficient to allow penetration and development of â€Å"animalcules† in the infusion. Nicholas Appert patented his invention and established a business to preserve a variety of food in sealed bottles-canning Finally! Arguments about spontaneous generation resolved by Louis Pasteur Read about Louis Pasteur’s experiment How he really did it? Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes, but let in (Swan Neck Flask) Joseph Meister First person to be treated by Louis Pasteur against rabies Pasteur’s Discoveries Performed the most convincing experiment disproving the theory of spontaneous generation Role of yeast in alcohol fermentation Devised the process of pasteurization and basis of aseptic techniques Disease of vine-cold be prevented by heating the wine for a short time to a temp of 55-60 degrees Celsius The first preventive treatment for rabies What causes disease? Pasteur developed germ theory of disease, but had no proof†¦began working on Anthrax, but could not get a cure Robert Koch Studied causative agents of disease Gave the first proof that bacteria causes disease (by isolating the anthrax bacillus in pure culture)-germ theory of disease Perfected the technique of isolating bacteria in pure culture-solid media-boiled potato Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis-the organism causing the tuberculosis. Tuberculin-substance used for diagnosis of tuberculosis Excreted into liquid culture and if there is an allergic reaction than the person has tuberculosis Introduced the staining procedure for M. tuberculosis (acid fast staining) First to stain bacterial smears Discovered the causative agent of cholera 1905 received the Nobel Prize for Medicine Koch’s postulates Identify criteria for proving that a specific type of a microorganism causes a specific disease: 1. The microorganism should be constantly present in a diseased animal 2. The microorganism must be cultivated in pure culture 3. When inoculated into a healthy animal, such microorganism should cause characteristic disease symptoms 4. The microorganism should be re-isolated from the experimental animal, and it should have the same characteristics as the original microorganisms Ignaz Semmelweis e implemented that if doctors wash their hands they would reduce spreading germs Joseph Lister (1827-1912) Father of modern surgery Became aware of Louis Pasteur’s work (rotting and fermentation) Applied antiseptic (carbolic acid) treatment for prevention and care of would infection Introduced the procedure of disinfection of operating rooms Edward Jenner Performed the first vaccinat ion against small pox Chemotherapy (treatment of disease by using chemical substances) the first antibiotic was discovered by accident was penicillin Alexander Fleming-1928 discovered penicillin Produced by mold: Penicillin Crysogenum Commercial production started in 1945 in the US Problems with Antibiotics Can be toxic to humans Spread of new varieties of resistant microorganisms Development of techniques that facilitated further progress of microbiology Pure cultures (clone) is a culture consisting of only one type of microorganisms Use of Petri dishes Aseptic techniques Bacteria as distinct species Development of microbiology in the 20th century Bacteriology study of bacteria. Mycology study of fungi. Fungal infections rising Parasitology study of protozoa and parasitic worms Immunology study of immunity. Virology study of viruses. Cannot be seen by a microscope, you need an electro microscope (Dimitri Iwanowski, reported on the presence of infectious agents much smaller than bacteria. He discovered the tobacco mosaic virus) Recombinant DNA technology fragments of foreign DNA can be incorporated into bacterial genome The Establishment of the Scientific Method Scientific method-based on an experimental system It includes: 1. Observation and description a phenomenon 2. Formulate a hypothesis to explain the phenomena 3. Performance of experimental tests (to confirm hypothesis) If supported hypothesis becomes theory Joseph Lister He was born in 1827 in Upton, England Attended London and Edinburgh Universites Joseph Lister was educated in Edinburgh. Edinburgh is located in Scotland Scotland is an independent state Scotland is part of Great Britain Scotland is a province in France Scotland is part of Canada Why Chemistry? Bacteria subcellular structures complex molecules simple molecules atoms Atoms Building blocks of molecules Subatomic particles Shell Electrons rotate about the nucleus in their orbitals Nucleus Protons Neutrons Atoms do not carry charge Electron Orbitals and Shells Electrons rotate around the nucleus in orbitals (pathways) Low level energy electrons Nearest to the nucleus 1st shell-1 orbits (2e) 2nd shell- 4 orbitals (up to 8 e) 3rd shell-9 orbitals (up to 18e) Elements Each element contains characteristic number of protons and electrons-position in the table There are 118 known elements Elements in groups of similar properties Biologically important atoms 11 elements are of biological importance The Fathers of the Periodic Talbe Dmitri Mendeleev Lothar Meyer Isotopes Have a different number of neutrons; same physical properties Some isotopes have unstable nuclei-emit energy-radioactivity Significance in Biology Tracing atoms and molecules in metabolic reactions Diagnostic purposes Sterilization (gamma irradiation) Video Notes: Charges of protons and electrons are equal in magnitude Isotopes are identical to each other but sometimes vary in properties Carbon 12 and 13 are stable Carbon 11, 14, 15 are not Radiactivity Henri Becquerel-mysterious rays * Molecules Two or more atoms combined form a molecule-a new compound has new characteristics Compounds are formed when atoms are, donate or lose electrons Number of electron in outer shell-valence Determines the readiness of an element to react with other element How the atoms bind together? Through the chemical bonds Covalent bonds Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds Covalent Bonds Bonds between atoms that share electrons Electrons are not shared equally- change of polarity Hydrogen molecule H2 Water molecule is polar Ionic Bonds Electrons are transferred from one atoms to another When valences complement each other Ex- NaCl (table salt) 7 is not stable Ionization Dissociation of molecules (atoms) into charge particles: Cations (+) Anions (-) When added to water, crystals of NaCl get ionized-Na+ Cl- Electrolytes-conduct electricity: acids, bases, salts When two electrodes are put together Each ion becomes hydrated-surrounded by water molecules Hydrophilic molecules attracts water Hydrophobic molecules repel water (benzene- a non-polar molecule) Hydrogen Bonds Attractive forces between nearby molecules Ex. Water molecules; proteins and DNA Represented with dotted line Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Oxidation-losing electron Reduction-receiving electrons Chemical formulas Atomic symbols and number of atoms in a molecule: H2O Do not provide information on position of bonds between atoms C6H12O6 glucose and fructose Reactions Synthesis reaction Equation must be balanced Decomposition reactions Larger molecule is broken up in two smaller units 2H2+Ox 2H2O Solutions Mixture of substances solute- (solid, gaseous, liquid) in the solvent (liquid) Water is the most common solvent * * Acidity, Alkalinity, pH * Solutions can be acidic or basic H2H+ + OH- ionization of water H+H+ + OH- access of H+ acidic pH pH=_log [H+] pH1 =0. 1 mole H=/liter ph 2+0. 01 mole H+/liter Inorganic and Organic Compounds Compounds can be: Inorganic ( do not have C and H combined) NaCl, CaCO3†¦ Organic (CH4)-complex compounds with C boned to other atoms The Chemistry of Carbon Carbon is the fundamental element of life- Why? Molecular skeleton Have 4 electrons in outer orbital-can form 4 bonds Most often forms stable bonds with C H O N S and P Functional Groups Carbon binds to other atoms via molecular groups-functional groups Functional groups determin characteristics of a molecules Carbodroxyl-fatty acids, proteins, organic acids Amino- proteins, nucleic acids Macromolecules Smaller molecules (monomers) are assembled into larger compounds-macromolecules (polymers) **Table 2. 3 and Table 2. 4 ** Classes of Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Have 3-7 atoms Pentose (5 Carbons) Hexose (6 carbons) Glucose Disaccharides Sucrose Polysaccharides Glycosidic Bonds Bonds between two sugars Carbons from two molecules are bonded via oxygen with release of H2O molecule Function of Polysaccharides Provide structural support (cell wall) Nutrient and energy storage Some examples Cellulose Agar Chitin-present in insects Peptidoglycan-polysaccaharide makes up cell wall of bacteria Glycocalyx- surrounds bacterial cell and provides protection Lipids Not soluble in water Classes of Lipids Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Waxes Synthesis of Triglycerides Glycerol bonds with three molecules of fatty acds through ester bonds Dehydration (need more) Biological Significance of Lipids Storage material (triglycerides) Membrane lipids Phospholipids Hydrophilic and hydrophobic portion Cholesterols Provides support to the cell wall of some bacteria Proteins Composed of amino acids Assembled together through peptide bonds Peptide: short chain of amino acids Polypeptide (proteins): long chains of amino acids Protein structure determines its functionality: Primary-long chain of amino acids Secondary Tertiary Quaternary- complex molecule * * Peptide Bonds Bond between amino group of one AA and carboxyl groups of another AA Proteins are made up of 20 AA Look at list the Waterstreet gave us The Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA; informational molecules Contain genetic information Composed of nucleotides Nucleotides composed of: Bases Sugars Phosphate The Double Helix of DNA Held together by nucleotides ATP: the energy molecule of cells Adenosine triphosphate contains Adenine Ribose Three phosphates Gives off energy when the bond is broken and one phosphate group removed Marie Curie Pioneered research on radioactivity Theory of radioactivity Discovered two elements: polonium and radium The first female professor at the University of Paris The first Nobel st Nobel prize- in physics 2nd Noble prize in chemistry Marie Curie was born in France England Poland Austria General Laboratory Techniques-5 I’s Inoculation Incubation Isolation Inspection Identification Inoculation Introducing a sample (the inoculum) into a container with a nutrient medium The medium contains appropriate nutrients that sustains the growth of microorganisms Some micro bes have to be inoculated into a living organism Isolation: Separating one species from another Obtaining pure culture Cultures composed of cells arising from a sing cell-PURE CULTURES Obtaining Pure Culture Streak plate method Petri plate Material picked up from somewhere and put at the tip of inoculation needle Dilution method Transfers to build bacteria in the petri plates Types of Media Physical State Liquid Solid (agar) Chemical composition Synthetic Nonsynthetic (complex) Functional type General purpose Enrichment Selective Differential Measures to be taken when working with microbiological media Needs to be sterilized Prevent contamination Synthetic media Known chemical composition (NaNO3/I; glucose 2g/l) Non-synthetic (complex) media Contains chemically undefined components (Pepton, beef extract†¦) Enrichment medium- supports the growth of a specific group of microorganisms (Ex. N2-fixing) Selective media-favor specific microorganisms and inhibits the others (methylene blue inhibits the growth of Gram+ bacteria) Differential media-contain substances that permit detection of microorganisms with specific metabolic activity E. coli (red) Incubation Microbiological cultures are placed temperature-controlled chamers-incubators Temperature: 20-40 C Pathogenic: 37 C MICROSCOPE-The Instrument Microscopes are the instruments that magnify the cell (object) to extent at which the cell details become visible Leeuwenhoek’s microscope had one lens Robert Hooke invented the compound microscope Microscope- The Basic Principle The specimen is magnified with the objective lens (real image) This image is magnified by ocular lens (virtual image) An enlarged and inverted image is received by retina Basic features of microscopy Magnification Resolution Contrast Magnification Magnification is the result of light refraction Mag=Objective powerx Ocular lens power Ex: Objective lens: low power lens=10x Ocular lens power=10x Mag=10x 10=100x * * Your objective lenses are color coded 4x- red 10c-yrlloe 40x-blue 100-black Use of immersion oil with high power objectives Immersion oil has the same refractive index as the glass Between glass cover slip and slide Used only with 100x lens magnification Refractive index is a measure of relative velocity at which light passes through material Resolution Resolution (resolving power) is the ability of a lens to distinguish two adjacent points as two separate objects. In light microscopes resolution is 0. 2 micrometers (limit 2,000x) High resolution-further apart Low resolution-closer together Which images can be resolved? Lower than 0. 2 micrometers Bigger than 0. 2 micrometers can be seen with microscope How does the resolution depend on the wavelength? Resolving distance=wavelength of light/w xNA (numerical aperture) The shorter the wavelength- the greater resolution Contrast Specimen must contrast with their background This can be achieved by: Changing the refractive index of specimen Stain the specimen Refractive index- mesures of light bending ability * * Types of Microscopes * What is the illuminating sources? * Light Bright field Phase contrast Fluorescent Dark filed Differential interference Confocal * Electron beam transmission scanning Light Microscopy-Compound Microscope Optical microscope parts: Illuminator Condenser Objective lens Ocular lens (eyepiece) Dark-Field Microscopes Best for observing pale objects Only those light rays scattered by specimen enter objective lens Specimen appears light against dark background Increases contrast and enables observation of more details Bright filed vs. Dark field Microscopy When light reaches the ocular lens dark objects are seen easier Fluorescent Microscopy Fluorescence is the ability of certain substancces to absorb short wavelengths of light and emit light at a longer wavelength Fluorescence Microscopy Sputum mucus Same mucus showing Mycobacterium tuberculosis stained with a fluorescent dye Immunofluorescence Diagnostic procedure: Antibody produced against a specific bacterium Conjugate antibody and fluorochrome Treat the unknown bacterium If suspected bacteria are indeed present they will bind the tagged antibodies Ultraviolet (or near) light is used as a light source Phase Microscopes Provides better contras and more details in the cell The light rays that hit he specimen travel a different path than the rays, which do not hit the specimen Bright field looks very light Phase looks better Differential Interference Microscopy (Nomarsky) Uses two beams of light Higher resolution -D images Confocal Microscopy Uses fluorescent dyes and UV lasers to illuminate the sample An image is taken in a single plane that is not thicker than 1. 0micrometer Resolution is increased by up to 40% because emitted light passes through pinhole aperture Computer constructed 3-D images Bacillus cereus Live cells-red Dead cells-green Composite image of 10 images Each 0. 2 micrometers thickness HIV (in green) travels down the microtubules (in red) Toward the nucleus (Blue) Bacteria are seen in light microscopes Electron Microscopy Two types of electron microscopes: Transmission (TEM) Scanning (SEM) Source of illumination electron beam Advantage of using EM Resolving distance=wavelength of lig/2 Wavelength of visible light=400A Resolution (light microscopy): 2000 A (0. 2 micrometers) EM uses an electron beam as a source of illumination (1000,000 times shorter wavelength than visible light) Resolution (EM): 2 A Magnification up to 100,000 Transmission electron microscope (TEM) Image formed by the elctrons transmitted through a specimen A specimen is a thin section of material (fixed, embedded, and sliced-never alive) TEM is used for objects smaller than 0. 2 mm * The first electron microscope Constructed by Ernst Ruska in 1931 He demonstrated that a magnetic coil could act as an electron lens In 1986, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his many achievements in electron optics Ruska was born in Heidelberg Heidelberg is city in France Heidelberg University is one of the oldest Universities in Europe Heidelberg is a city in Germany B and C are the correct answers Scanning electron microscope Used to study the surface of the cell/tissue Image formed by the electrons reflected from the surface 3D view image is obtained on TV screen Preparation of specimen for optical microscopes

The significance of Martin Luther and the protestant reformation in history of western civilization

The significance of Martin Luther and the protestant reformation in history of western civilization Introduction Martin Luther is one of the greatest men known in history for the many developments he made. Among these developments is the protestant reformation (Bainton 44). In this reformation, Martin Luther strongly opposed the notion that people could free themselves from sin by exchanging God’s punishment with money.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The significance of Martin Luther and the protestant reformation in history of western civilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his attempts to reform the protestant church, Luther wrote several letters to the leaders of the church such as Bishops and the clergy. Nevertheless, after the struggle that proved difficult at times, Martin Luther succeeded in the protestant reformation. This paper therefore seeks to explore the major significance of Martin Luther and the protestant reformation in the history of western civilization. This will be effectively a chieved by addressing the questions that follow. What was the basic chronology of Luther’s breaking with the roman church? Martin Luther protested on October 31, 1517, reacting to several debates, which he thought were of great significance (Mackinnon 204). He thus sparked a lot of debate from different interest groups and people, particularly with respect to the so-called doctrines. Although his reaction or revolt was not against the church itself, it can clearly be depicted that it was mainly geared towards the general reform in the Church. Nevertheless, by 1519 he openly reacted to those doctrines he had earlier on regarded as implicit and even denied the mandate of the church in certain religious issues. In 1520, the pope excommunicated him at the time. He defied these religious leaders and particularly rallied against the papacy and the Eucharist. Why did he do so and what societal factors facilitated the acceptance of his message? From the proceedings of the events, it is depicted that the significant social factors, which facilitated the acceptance of Martin Luther’s ideas were mainly two-fold. The first one is that there were already some elements of dissatisfaction or resentments coming mainly from the city governments regarding the various clerical privileges and immunities given. They, for instance, were exempted from tax and even undertaking some civil responsibilities. An example of the latter is their exemption from defending the city despite the fact that religious orders held a big proportion of urban property. These people were therefore keen to eliminate the aforementioned privileges and take the general civil responsibility like everybody else. In addition, they were also reacting to the poor quality of sermon at the time. Consequently, they established preacherships where men with some good level of education were considered, and where such men were given the mandate of delivering or reading the sermons. This really attracted the protestant style of worship that emphasized more on sermons, and formed the main part of the service as opposed to Catholic orientation of Eucharist.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What were the key principles of his critique of Catholicism and what were the principle writings by which he spread his message? His major critique was directed at the Papacy. According to Luther, the whole idea of Papacy was just but a beautiful false front, and a misleadingly holiness under which most of the evil was hidden. He therefore called for an urgent reform in the Church. Luther advocated that the papacy be converted to simplicity as well as humble fashion of the former days of St. Peter, and called for reconsideration in the way the finance was managed. He actually demanded that all finances and estate property be taken care of by the national churches instead of the pope. He also de manded for the complete eradication of clerical celibacy, which the Germans had rejected earlier on. With respect to the Eucharist, Martin Luther was particularly concerned about the nature of the sacramental doctrine in the Church. He particularly objected the idea of the many sacraments, which the church adopted at the time. The Church acknowledged seven sacraments while Luther advocated for those that were mainly comprised of baptism and the Lords Supper under the Authority of Jesus Christ. According to Luther, the catholic Mass was not a true reflection of the Lord’s Supper. Further, he argued that the whole idea of Eurcharist was not a repetition of the sacrifice of Christ. He believed that wine and bread should only be given to the laity and the clergy. Again, the view commonly held by the Church doctrine, was that during celebration of the Eucharist, bread and wine are changed to the body and blood of Christ respectively, and that only the physical appearances of the b read and wine remained (Mackinnon 204). According to Luther, this was based on the principal of Aristotle, with whom he actually differed. He suggested for a more real doctrine that of the actual presence that followed the consecration of the body and blood of Christ in their corresponding form of the bread and wine. He argued that the priest never caused any miracle, but instead Jesus Christ was omnipresent and that he opens the eyes of every believer to ChristAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on The significance of Martin Luther and the protestant reformation in history of western civilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In respect to the Christian Freedom, he advocated for freedom from all priest crafts, with the priest being the only one responsible for carrying out what he had been called upon to perform in a specific office. Luther mainly employed the use of Hymns, Psalmist and his catechism to propagate his teachings or ideas. These writings entailed mainly basic religious knowledge. A case in print is Hymn‘s Almighty Fortress is our God which was generally easy to remember and evoked strong human feelings. This was particularly important, as it was able to have a significant imprint of Martin Luther’s central or key points in his doctrines. His catechism contained brief sermons on the main articles of faith and presented succinct explanation of doctrines in form of questions and answers. What is the most effective means used by the Roman Catholic Church to the protestant challenge and why. From my own point of view, I could say that one of the most effective and appropriate means the Catholic Church used in reaction to the various challenges was the Protestant formation of ecumenical council. This is because it significantly helped in fostering unity and accommodation from the opposing religions. That way, the two religions were no longer in conflict, but united in most o f their doctrines and culture. The legacy of the reformation and Counter Reformation The main legacy out of all these is linked to a series of religious wars that eventually resulted in a long civil strife, which had a negative impact on the German economy thus leading to the death of several Germans (Bainton 45). As a result, this meant that the religious believes in Europe had been outweighed by the political and national convictions. Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther. New York: Penguin, 1995. Print. Mackinnon, James. Luther and the Reformation. New York: Russell Russell, 1962. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Maths coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Maths coursework - Essay Example Although the function "y=10e^ (-0.175t)", slightly differ from the given values of the graph (between hour 4-7). However, for the all other points, the graph follows the same path as the one given. So we can say that the function "y=10e^ (-0.175t)", is suitable to model the data of the graph. Figure 3 represents the amount of the drug in the bloodstream over a 24-hour period. In the below graph (figure 3) assumption is made that after every six hour 10 Â µg of drug is given to patient and it adds in the drug remained in the bloodstream ( value of constant a in function "y=10e^ (-0.175t)", will change after every six hours). Therefore, the function will change after every six hours as the remaining drug adds into the given drug every six hours. Initially the drug given was 10 Â µg. After six hour, it remains to 3.5 Â µg. Now when 10 Â µg is again give to patient then it will become 13.5 Â µg. Moreover, this pattern will be continues for every six hours. Since we wanted to plot for 24-hour period, so for the second, third and fourth period the function will be " y=13.5e^ (-0.175(t-6)) ", " y=14.7e^ (-0.175(t-12)) "and" y=15.1e^ (-0.175(t-18)) " respectively. The value of t is changed here, so that the graph plotted continuous from the last point, other wise it will start from the starting point. From the figure 5, it can be seen that, when after initially 10Â µg of drug is given to the patient and thereafter no drug is given to the patients then the function "y=10e^ (-0.175t)" is when plotted for week period, the value of y approaches to 0 (actual value will be 0.0524 Â µg) after 30 hours. However, it will never become zero. Figure 6 represents the amount of the drug in the bloodstream over a 24-hour period. In the above graph assumption is made that after every six hour 10 Â µg of drug is given to patient and it adds in the drug remained in the bloodstream ( value of constant a in function "y=10e^ (-0.175t)", will change after

No title page not yet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

No title page not yet - Essay Example Some shows can make people smarter because of their sophisticated plots and moral dilemmas. Like Johnson, I appreciate the fast-paced plots and realistic characters of 24. I know that Jack Bauer makes hard decisions, as he uses violence and deception to accomplish his goal of saving thousands of civilians. These kinds of TV shows compel people to think about multilayered meanings of intentions and interests that are present in everyday realities, and which can be more complex as people go up the levels of social and political institutions. Instead of predicting shows because of their repetitive formula plots, people cannot always determine what will happen next and they are strained to think more, so that they can understand the plot and characters. On the contrary, I do not agree that all TV shows follow the Sleeper Curve, if the audiences do not have critical and inference skills to start with. I do not believe that parents should allow children to watch shows that have high content of sex and violence. They do not have enough critical thinking skills to know what is right or wrong, and what is real and made-up. It is like a neighbor who likes 24 for its action content, but is not interested in making inferences about the plot and the people. Instead, I hear him saying that Muslims are mainly terrorists and that many immigrants are criminals. He does not have the skills to attain the Sleeper Curve as Johnson describes it. Instead of thinking better, he feeds on the stereotypes that the show presents. The Sleeper Curve is not true for all. It only applies to people who have critical thinking and logic skills. Present-day TV shows might be smarter, but unless people have developed their cognitive skills, they are not better off watching them. Sometimes, they are even worse off, if they use it to reinforce their prejudice

Operation management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Operation management - Essay Example We also can customize the wrapping papers and cards with names or a special message etc. Financing will directly come from the financial resources of Mouza. II. Executive Summary The Bows and Ribbons is a unique business that offers services to clients that do not have time or the skills to wrap their own gifts. The uniqueness of the business will gather enough interest to produce a mass base clientele that would be enough to create a fad. Straight forward direct network marketing will be used to ensure that the knowledge about Bows and Ribbons are heard by successful women in the country. Prudent innovations and a good portfolio of designs shall be compiled to ensure that references are available for the women who do not have enough time to think of gifts much more its wrapping and bows. III. Industry Outlook, Forecast & Trends Somebody is being born everyday thus the number of potential clients are the relatives and acquaintances of the people who have a birthday for a particular d ay. Women in urban centers, most especially men in the metropolitan area normally career women who may not have the time to shop much more to wrap their own gifts. ... Competitive Advantage Our service has many advantages in compare to our competitors. The first advantage is that it’s a mobile gift-wrapping store which makes our consumer save time, the store comes to their house instead of them going to the store. The second advantage is that we have compatible prices although it’s a home service. We provide the best quality with very reasonable prices. The third advantage is that we offer latest designs of gift-wrapping material that are not found anywhere else in the Emirates because it’s imported from outside the UAE. The last advantage is that we can customize the gifts. The clients can have any name printed on the wrapping paper or on the cards. IV. Description of Value The innovative component of our service, is that we are the first mobile gift store in the UAE. We give our customers the opportunity of staying at home and having the best wrapping service at the same time. The second innovative component is that we have a small printer that can customize cards, ribbons and wrapping paper we also can engrave names on boxes. In addition, the materials we use have a high quality and have the latest designs and we constantly offer new trends of wrapping. We can do flower arrangements as well, which makes us two-in-one, a mobile gift-wrapping store and a mobile flower shop. V. Operational Plan Bows and Ribbon will maintain two vans that will be deployed to client sites. Calls or even facebook messages will be entertained to send the vans. Payments will also be collected by the driver of the vans including the person who specialize in gift wrapping. VI. Marketing Plan The strategy is to make the most number of women aware of our services and the quality of our services.